Types and symptoms of closed fractures

Closed fracture - a violation of the integrity of the skeleton without the appearance through skin injury at the place of injury. This type of injury to the skeleton is the most common. The fracture is single or multiple, in addition, according to medstatistiki, this kind of injury often associated with other types of damage.

Basic information about the injury

Closed fractures are complete or partial destruction of the integrity of the bone element without causing damage to the skin in the region of injury. The main cause of the injury - the load on the bone, its size exceeding the strength of bone. Depending on the situation that resulted in injury, a fracture can be complete and incomplete, traumatic, or having Patriota, without bias or appearance of bias pieces of bone. The severity of the human condition in the case of closed fractures is determined by the number of injuries and the amount of bones that have been exposed to negative factors. The main features of this palarossini are:

• pain;
• swelling;
• the formation of bleeding and bruising;
• the dysfunction of mobility of limbs;
• the deformation of the segment subjected to damage.

In a closed fracture the bones some of them may not appear. Diagnosis is based on the identified patterns and data obtained as a result of conducting the fluoroscopic examination of the region of injury. In some cases, further diagnosis may be required to conduct additional surveys using the following methods:

• arthroscopy;
• computed tomography;
• magnetic resonance imaging and others.

Treatment of the violation is the carrying out of the actions directed on elimination of arising out of injury, displacement, and subsequent immobilization. In different cases, depending on the type and localization of injury, use both conservative and operative treatment.

Classification of injuries of bone skeleton

Today, doctors perform a classification of this type of damage to the skeleton, depending on the causes, severity of injury and its features, localization, complications.

Depending on the reasons that led to the injury, closed fracture is divided into traumatic and pathological. Traumatic injuries appear ina result of significant external influences on bone formation without Pismenny. Pathological damages arise as a result of small impacts on the bone that is affected by postprocessor.

Given the severity of the injury the fractures are divided into complete and incomplete. To incomplete fractures are cracks and cracks. To full of traumatic damage are fractures with displacement or without it.

Depending on the nature of the injury and its features are the following types of fractures closed:

• transverse - fracture line perpendicular to the axis of the bone element;
• slant - line located at an angle to the axis of the bone element;
• longitudinal line located parallel to the bone axis;
• helical - line is of the form a spiral, and the bone elements are deployed around the longitudinal axis;
• splintered - there is no single line of injury and formed separate fragments;
• impacted - the emergence of klineline one chip to another;
• wedge - is characterized by the occurrence of wedge-shaped deformation;
• compression - reduced bone height with the appearance of fragments at the same time without a single line of injury.

Depending on localization distinguish the following types of injuries:

• diaphyseal - characterized by the violation of the integrity of the middle section of the bone fragment;
• epiphyseal - characterized by loss of integrity of one or both ends of the bone element;
• metaphyseal - is characterized by the occurrence of violations between the area of the diaphysis and epiphysis.

Depending on the presence of complications or lack of fractures are classified into uncomplicated and complicated.

Separately allocated fractures of the bone elements of the skeleton in children, which are called slipped capital femoral epiphysis. These injuries are characterized by disruption of the integrity of neococcinella zones of bone growth.

Causes and signs of fractures of the closed type

The main cause of damage to the bony element of the closed type is ohnaruto on bone element that exceeds the tensile strength of bone. Value of the load, causing injury depends entirely on the strength of the bone element and the axis along which the impact occurs. The form of a fracture is determined by the vector direction of the load. The element of the skeleton is able to be damaged anywhere, but common types of fractures, the occurrence of which is associated with typical mevastatin on bone elements.

closed fracture">in violation of the integrity of the bone element appears a number of patisseri in the affected area. The main symptoms and signs of a closed fracture

• displacement of the bone fragments;
• severe pain;
• severe bruising.

The source of pain is a massive irritation of the nerve endings responsible for transmitting pain. Bruising or bleeding occurs as a result of damage to blood vessels, located in the thickness of the bone tissue. The greatest blood loss in humans occurs as a result of injury to the pelvic bones. Pain and blood loss can cause the development of traumatica, which is a danger to life. Blood loss occur in the soft tissues surrounding the bone, leading to the emergence of a large hematoma.

The type of displacement of bone fragments depends on the damage and the direction of contraction of muscle fibers that are attached to the wreckage.

The more powerful muscle attached to the bone fragments, the more difficult it is to carry out a comparison of bone fragments and their retention in the desired position. In the process of matching bones at the site of trauma is the formation of new bone tissue. Period splicing of the fragments depends entirely on the location of the injury, its type, the correct alignment of the fragments, the age and General condition of the person. In childhood splicing is easier and faster than in older people. The period of the splice can vary from several weeks to several months, to accelerate this process, it is necessary to properly align bone fragments, after splicing the debris on the splice formed callus.

Diagnosis of injuries of bone skeleton of the person

In medicine, experts distinguish two types of signs of damage of a bone of the human skeleton - absolute and relative. The relative signs indicate a possible injury, and are absolute confirmation of its receipt.

The main method used for diagnosis is radiography. In accordance with the existing rules for radiography is recommended to take pictures in two planes, the shot needs to capture not only the damaged area, but also two neighboring articular joint.

In some cases the rules change. This occurs during the examination of fractures of the neck of the shoulder and fracture of the femur in its upper region. Sometimes to clarify some of the characteristics of the fracture requires further investigation with ultrasound or MRI. The use of additional methodsexamination is necessary if you suspect the appearance of secondary injuries of vessels and nerves, which arise when exposed to bone. Additional survey is also carried out if you suspect an injury to internal organs, broken ribs or pelvic bones.

First aid and treatment of fractures of the closed type

As first aid give the victim a strong analgesic and carry out the fixation of the damaged segment.

After the first aid carried out the transportation of the patient to the clinic. If damage has been one of the extremities for fixation uses special tires and handy tools. When fixing is carried out, the immobilization not only of plot damage but also the neighboring joints. It is forbidden to carry out the reposition of bone fragments, because it can cause additional tissue damage and displacement of fragments.

After delivering the patient to the hospital, the doctor evaluates the condition of the victim, identifies and prevents possible complications.

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Fracture treatment of closed type can be both conservative and operative methods.

When using conservative methods used in casts and traction means, consisting of skeletal, leykoplastyrb or glue pulling. In the event of difficult personal injury, damage to blood vessels and nerves, a surgical treatment consisting in the use of needles, staples, screws and plates for fixation. After the surgery requires a period of rehabilitation and recovery functions of the limbs.